About surnames and spellings - from the Irish Genealogy website:
In Europe, the adoption of hereditary surnames began in the Middle Ages, over the period between about 900 and about 1300 and continued at very different paces in different locations.
Ireland was one of the first places in Europe to adopt hereditary surnames, with some evidence from around the early 900s. The reason is simple. Medieval Irish society was organised around the extended family. Who you were related to determined what you could own, what work you could do, who you fought with and against. Hereditary patronymic surnames were wonderful badges of allegiance, showing everyone immediately who 'your people' were. After the collapse of the old Gaelic order in the seventeenth century, public administration was in English. So if administrators wanted to identify people, they had to make English-language versions of their surnames. In the process, extraordinary changes were forced on these names. First, Uí, Ní, O and Mc were treated as almost entirely optional. Then the stems of the names would be phonetically transcribed, or (mis-)translated or simply turned into already-existing English surname.
So if Irish surnames are misspelt (ie Nualláin, Nowlan, Nolan, Nolen, Nolin, Noland, Noling, Knowland, etc) and mangled in English-language records, you know why.
With the revival of interest in Irish at the end of the nineteenth century, individuals began to reclaim the O and Mc prefixes. After 1916 and Independence in 1922, that reclamation accelerated dramatically. So the surname you have today might not be the same one your great-grandparents are recorded under. Search with an open mind.
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